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Then, the tide began to turn for the French. Ferdinand received support from Albrecht von Wallenstein, who led troops to defeat Christian IV’s army. This incited civil war between the Catholics League and the . The Swedish siege of Prague in 1648: In 1648, the Swedish army entered Prague and captured Prague Castle, where the catalyst of the war, the Defenestration of Prague, had taken place thirty years before. The end of the Thirty Years' War left Hapsburg Spain isolated. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Gustavus Adolphus’s forces defeated the Catholic League led by Tilly. Found insideThis open access volume raises awareness of the histories, geographies, and practices of universities and analyzes their role as key actors in today’s global knowledge economy. The Austrian domain was thus a major European power in its own right, ruling over some eight million subjects. In the Second Battle of Breitenfeld, in 1642, outside Leipzig, the Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson defeated an army of the Holy Roman Empire led by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy, Prince-General Ottavio Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi. This volume focuses on a nobleman’s grave found in a ninth-century building near Pohansko, an important centre of Great Moravia, to reconsider the wider frameworks of Moravian power, society, and culture. (Danish Phase) He was a catholic noble who replace Frederic IV and he . Sweden acquired the German princes. against the Hapsburgs. Peace was finally made in 1745 with the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1. Ferdinand, a member of the Hapsburg family, became Holy Roman emperor two Peace negotiations began in 1641, but made little progress The Thirty Years' War resulted from a local rebellion, but the admixture of religion transformed it into a European conflict that lasted for more than a generation and devastated Germany. For a time, the forces of the Holy Roman emperor, aided by King In religious affairs, the Peace of Westphalia expanded the Peace of Augsburg It was a pivotal area because its ruler was an Elector and could potentially make a Protestant majority in any Diet. Emperor Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand against the Catholic Hapsburgs. He then laid siege to Stralsund, the only belligerent Baltic port with sufficient facilities to build a large fleet; it soon became clear, however, that the cost of continuing the war would far outweigh any gains from conquering the rest of Denmark. King Christian was also the duke of Holstein and a prince of the This Bohemian . The Protestant cause seemed to wax toward a quick overall victory. Only the port of Stralsund continued to hold out against Wallenstein and the emperor, having been bolstered by Scottish “volunteers” who arrived from the Swedish army to support their countrymen already there in the service of Denmark. France, though Roman Catholic, was a rival of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. During this time, and while Sweden was under a truce with Poland, Gustav established a military system that was to become the envy of Europe. Failure of the Peace of Augsburg, 1555 1. This 1991 book was the first ever English rendition of the classic statement of divine right absolutism, published in 1707. The conflilct ended with the Peace of Paris 1763 and the Treaty The Battle of Prague in 1648 became the last action of the Thirty Years’ War. Just two years after the Defenestration of Prague, Ferdinand and the Catholics regained power in the Battle of White Mountain on November 8, 1620. is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. THIRTY YEARS' WAR. Frederick Meanwhile He was later taken hostage by his own men, who demanded all pay in arrears. In the same year, Gabriel Bethlen, the Calvinist prince of Transylvania, died. The 1555 agreement had given German princes the right to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion of their states. The general Hans Christoff von Königsmarck, commanding Sweden’s flying column, entered the city and captured Prague Castle (where the event that triggered the war—the Defenestration of Prague—had taken place thirty years before). Ferdinand II, educated by the Jesuits, was a staunch Catholic who wanted to impose religious uniformity on his lands. Over a four-year period, the warring parties of the Thirty Years’ War (the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Sweden) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia. The Calvinists began to demand recognition This year marks the centenary of the end of the First World War, but that's not the only major commemoration on our current calendars. The deaths of both Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, together with the Replaced by France. In 1648, the Swedes and the French defeated the imperial army at the Battle of Zusmarshausen, and the Spanish at Lens, and later won the Battle of Prague, which became the last action of the Thirty Years’ War. Ferdinand, the newly appointed emperor, defeated Frederick, and eliminated protestantism in Bohemia. Phase One: The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) Included nearly every major power in Europe. Gustavus Adolphus allied with France and Bavaria. Blues indicate Catholic regions and red/orange indicate Protestant (including Lutheran, Calvinist, Hussite, and Reform). with Treaty of Vienna 1736. After the battle of Wittstock, the Swedish army regained the initiative in the German campaign. This was evident from the Cologne War (1583–1588), in which a conflict ensued when the prince-archbishop of the city, Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, converted to Calvinism. At the Peace of Augsburg (1555), the emperor agreed to let each fief follow its lord's religion. The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster that ended the Thirty Years’ War. The Bohemian Phase. On the American continent, the French fort, Duquesne, on the Upper Ohio Found inside – Page 163of the Bohemian Phase (1618–1625) of the Thirty Years' War. Historians usually divide the conflict into four major phases: Bohemian (1618–1625), ... However, the war reached a climax and the tide of the war turned clearly toward France and against Spain in 1640, starting with the siege and capture of the fort at Arras. truce in the religious connict in the German states. 1618.The Thirty Years' War was fought . Ferdinand was upset by this calculated insult, but his intolerant policies in his own lands had left him in a weak position. Although the Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to hostilities, it did not resolve the underlying religious conflict, which was made yet more complex by the spread of Calvinism throughout Germany in the years that followed. The newProtestant leader became King Gustavus Adolphus (r. 1611-1632) War of hegemony. The treaty also extended that tolerance to allow the minority religion of the territory to practice freely. Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia feared they would be losing the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II in his Letter of Majesty (1609). The new improvements to Sweden’s military order even pervaded the state by fueling fundamental changes in the economy. With each successive phase, the war became more continental in scope, bloodier, and more focused on political power than religion. Found insideThe study of peace has, however, not yet gained a comparable readership, and the subject is attracting an increasing amount of scholarly research. This volume presents the first work of academic research to tackle this imbalance head on. It consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars that raged through the years 1618-1648 throughout central Europe. The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy. At this point, the Catholic League persuaded Ferdinand II to take back the Lutheran holdings that were, according to the Peace of Augsburg, rightfully the possession of the Catholic Church. Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were also abolished, and a degree of free navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine. A surprising and sweeping history that reveals the fur trade to be the driving force behind conquest, colonization, and revolution in early America Combining the epic saga of Hampton Sides's Blood and Thunder with the natural history of ... 1. In 1618, Ferdinand’s royal representatives were thrown out of a window and seriously injured in the so-called Defenestration of Prague, which provoked open Protestant revolt in Bohemia. Christian’s mishaps continued when all of the allies he thought he had were forced aside: France was in the midst of a civil war, Sweden was at war with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and neither Brandenburg nor Saxony was interested in changes to the tenuous peace in eastern Germany. Others share this interpretation: P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (London, 1988); M.P. Rethinking Europe offers a selection of essays that reevaluate the Thirty Years’ War by contextualizing it within the broader history of the Reformation, military conflicts, peace initiatives, and negotiations of war in the early modern ... The four phases of the thirty years can be summarised as the Bohemian phase, Danish phase, Swedish phase and French phase, which induced the Holy Roman Empire to lose money and caused the empire to split. The Thirty Years War consisted of multiple phases, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Charles VI of Austria died in October 1740 leaving no son to succeed territory in northern Spain. From 1630 to 1634, Swedish-led armies drove the Catholic forces back, regaining much of the lost Protestant territory, especially at the key Battle of Breitenfeld. Defenestration of Prague: A later woodcut of the Defenestration of Prague in 1618, which triggered the Thirty Years’ War. but Gustavus Adolphus was killed in the fighting. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that . In addition, the Swedish army took 5,000 prisoners and seized forty-six guns, at a cost to themselves of 4,000 killed or wounded. Another branch of the House of Habsburg ruled over Spain and its empire, which included the Spanish Netherlands, southern Italy, the Philippines, and most of the Americas. After the recent victory of the Catholics, Denmark felt that it's sovereignty as a Protestant country would be threatened. The initial phase, what historians refer to as the Bohemian Revolt, was a result of the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, attempting to assert imperial and Catholic control over territories that had broken away during the Reformation. Without heirs, Emperor Matthias sought to assure an orderly transition during his lifetime by having his dynastic heir (the fiercely Catholic Ferdinand of Styria, later Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor) elected to the separate royal thrones of Bohemia and Hungary. That tolerance to allow the minority religion of each German stat… America the... 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